Satisfying relationships add grace, warmth, and richness to our lives. Some relationships are remarkably nourishing and easy, while others are challenging. Based on years of experience in helping people resolve and repair personal and role-related relationships, here are five tried-and-true practices.

1. Differentiate Reactions from Responses

In preparing for a challenging conversation, one effective practice is to discern whether your feelings about and actions toward the person in question have been reactions or responses. Awareness of the difference can change everything. A reaction consists of words or actions based on feelings or experiences from the past. A response is a comeback based in real time.

For example, my partner, in a neutral tone of voice, asked me if I had repaired the mailbox yet. Having felt criticized long ago for not doing enough, I reacted with a strong and sour emotional burst: “No. You think it’s not on my mind? You haven’t noticed I already have 100 urgent things on my list?” That reaction was obviously not helpful and could easily begin an escalation. A response would have been, “Nope. But it’s fixed enough to get by until I have more time. I haven’t forgotten it.” You can imagine how much better this would have gone over.

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As another example, someone in therapy showed me a letter she had gotten from her mother. Enclosed was a $10 bill for her to use to do something nice for herself to help reduce the stress she was feeling. Her reply was, “This makes me so mad. Does she actually think $10 is going to pay for all the things she did wrong to me? It’s so lame. And it’s all about HER. It’s always all about HER.” Reaction, right?

After we did some talking about it, she shifted gears to a response: “Thanks, Mom. I’ll use it for something nice. I appreciate your wanting to help.” Things would go so much better with this reply.

Self-reflecting ahead of time about how you might respond, rather than react, may shift your energy and increase the chances of a successful interchange.

2. Engage Your Curiosity

The second important practice for improving your relationship is to find your curiosity when you feel attacked verbally. Imagine looking at the person you feel challenged by. Notice how you experience the challenge from this person. Now imagine turning around and changing only one thing—engaging your curiosity.

Next, imagine turning back and facing this person again, this time with curiosity. Notice how the person and conflict shift for you, thereby enabling you to de-escalate the conflict.

3. Link a Complaint with a Request for Change

I hear, “You always greet me with a negative comment on my looks. You keep saying I look tired and stressed. I think you use this to manipulate me into changing to accord with your ideas.” I hear, “I hate the way you are always looking over my shoulder at work, and then you criticize me if I’m not doing something the way you would.”

As a therapist and consultant, I notice that people tend to focus on complaining, blaming, or psychologizing each other. This approach inevitably leads to a downward energy spiral, loss of connection, and, ultimately, feelings of despair.

When I interrupt and ask, “Do you have a request for a change?” the wheels of criticism stop turning. There is a little space for something different to happen. The person who has a complaint has to refocus their attention from what they don’t like, and feel hurt and hopeless about, to what they want and toward the kind of interaction that would work better for them. No blame is needed. This request for change offers the would-be critic an unexpected chance for self-reflection rather than shaming and blaming the other.

As a therapist and consultant, I notice that people tend to focus on complaining, blaming, or psychologizing each other. This approach inevitably leads to a downward energy spiral, loss of connection, and, ultimately, feelings of despair.

The second part of this process engages the person receiving the complaint. “What parts of this request can you say yes to?” I invite the receiver to notice making a request can be a vulnerable and self-revealing thing. I continue, “For the sake of the relationship, it is not acceptable to say an absolute no. You may feel fine about the request, even grateful to know what would work better. Or you may find only some or even just one part of the request that you can say yes to, but you need to affirm at least that.”

Here’s an example: “My request is that if you are concerned about my well-being, please ask me how I am, believe my response, and then move on. The way this will benefit our relationship is I will feel more connected and real with you instead of mad that you don’t believe my response.” The receiver might only be able to say yes to inquiring about how I am. Rather than this small yes causing a relationship shutdown (as an absolute no would have), it opens the door to a genuine, heartfelt negotiation about the issue. Letting go of accusing the person with the complaint enables us to understand the motivation underlying all the questioning.

The change finally agreed to was that both would ask rather than comment, and be direct rather than covert. If one of them didn’t believe the response, they would arrange for another time to talk more personally outside the work setting. This complaint process has three parts: a succinct statement of the complaint, a measurable and specific request for a change, and a sentence or two about how this change would benefit the relationship.

4. Ask for a Do-Over

Have you ever wished you could simply redo an interaction that went poorly or escalated beyond what would be reasonable? Well, you can! A do-over begins with acknowledging something in the interchange didn’t go over well or as intended. Your impact can so often be different from your intention.

Here’s an example: Carla says, “I know you’re hurting, and if you would just do this course, everything would be okay.” Martin responds, “I’m sick of this. You’re always talking about your new ideas as if they were God’s gift from heaven. It’s like if I don’t agree, then there is something wrong with me, some way I am not good enough.”

Carla notices the conversation is not going well. “Oops! Could we do a do-over? It wasn’t my intention to tell you you are wrong or bad. If we could please begin again, I’d like to say it differently. “Martin, I just took a great course. I’m handling my stress much better now. How are you doing with stress these days? You might want to consider this course too.” Martin: “Actually, I’m not feeling much stress these days, but I’m interested in hearing about your experience.” Much better. No emotional charge. No escalation. The relationship is repaired and strengthened.

A do-over can reorient a relationship without those involved needing to do a lot of processing.

5. Make Your Challenging Conversation an Investment in Your Relationship

We tend to link conflict with pain, loss, anger, and no possibility for repair. When you make a shift toward understanding that attending to difficulties is an investment in the relationship, fear can be reduced on both sides. You can approach the person you challenged (or who challenged you) with an eye toward working it out in a way that furthers the relationship. This person will likely feel your interest in maintaining the relationship.

It’s been my experience that relationships in which people have successfully worked through a conflict tend to be even deeper and more satisfying than those that rarely have a conflict to work through. When relationship challenges are seen as offering a chance to make it better, you will be taking an action that benefits and strengthens that relationship.

As a reminder, one of the four dimensions of right use of power is the relationship dimension. In using your personal and professional power wisely and well, it is of great importance to track for problems, attend to them, and repair disconnects sooner rather than later. Give the keys described here a try. You—and those you relate with—will likely be happy you did.

Do you and your partner have arguments that go round and round and seem like they recycle the same information over and over?

Max: Didn’t I tell you the reason I told your mother …

Melinda: No, that is not the reason you said at the time. If you had said what you’re saying now, I would have handled it differently. I don’t understand how you could change things so much.

Max: Why do you keep insisting I said something I never said? What I said was …

And so on. Some of these back-and-forths can take weeks to stop recycling themselves.

Why does this happen? And more to the point, what can be done about it?

What’s Behind the Arguing?

Human beings were built to connect with one another. In being connected, we chase away a sense of being alone. Connection, of course, requires us to understand one another. Ironically and unfortunately, we can feel most alone when we are with someone who does not understand us.

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Arguments such as the one Max and Melinda are having are attempts—however unsuccessful—to repair damage and connect, finally. The arguments are doomed to fail because of the way the participants go about it, but that is not what’s important to consider right now. What is important, I think, is these people desperately want to connect, as evidenced by the amount of energy they put into their conflict.

Another important piece here is that Max and Melinda want to connect on their own terms. This is not because they are selfish or controlling, but because they don’t know another way.

What Are They Doing Wrong?

Do you ever notice how, in a heated argument, no one involved is really listening? Each person is desperately trying to get a point across at the same time the other person is doing the exact same thing.

How can they possibly expect to meet somewhere in the middle? They don’t know what the other person is talking about, let alone how to reconnect and resolve the issue.

Why does it seem as if what they really want is to win? And where does winning get them, exactly?

People who have learned to argue like this have, like most of us, at one point or another been made to feel small or ashamed. As much as they want to connect, they don’t want to lower themselves—by “losing” the argument, by being “wrong”—in the process.

What Can They Do About It?

A necessary ingredient for a successful exchange in which two people may see things differently is to make sure the other person feels emotionally safe.

Think about it: if Max and Melinda are quite certain they will get bashed, blamed, or somehow made to feel small or stupid, they likely will continue in attack/defense mode. But if each makes clear, repeatedly, that no matter how difficult it becomes they will avoid hurting the other in any way, then the chances of a round-and-round thing decrease dramatically.

Here are some things they need to be careful of:

• Don’t try to psychoanalyze the other’s reasons for their behavior
• Don’t bring up old mistakes or errors in judgment; stick to the current issue
• Don’t talk about parents, siblings, or irrelevant others
• Avoid using “but” statements
• Never, ever be verbally abusive—including name-calling, put-downs, yelling, threats, or disrespectful gestures

Instead, it’s a good idea to:

• Inject compliments or gestures of respect into the conversation where possible
• Listen carefully and actively, acknowledging the validity of the other person’s perspective even as you disagree
• Ask clarifying questions about what the other person means
• Take a break or go for a walk, if needed, to let things cool off
• Accept responsibility for mistakes, and accept differences of opinion as natural and okay

Case Example

One couple I worked with argued about food. They both worked long hours. The wife, who took pride in her cooking skills, would make delicious meals and be insulted when her husband would snatch a cookie from the cupboard. She got angry at him and they argued.

What was going on?

First, the wife took her husband’s culinary preferences personally. Looking at the issue from another angle could help her relax. If she liked the food she cooked, great. If her husband enjoyed it, so much the better. If he wanted other food too, it wasn’t necessarily a rejection of her cooking, let alone her, and it wasn’t helpful to interpret it as such.

Why does it seem as if what they really want is to win? And where does winning get them, exactly?

Second, it was perfectly reasonable for her to be disappointed. Disappointments are a part of life—rain on a beach day, the movie was a bore, the new gadget didn’t meet expectations. We can acknowledge the feeling of disappointment, surmise that on a 1-to-10 scale it’s about a 3, and move on.

Third, it wouldn’t hurt to express her feelings to her husband provided she does it as a statement of her feelings and not an accusation. He, in turn, might acknowledge her feelings and be gentle but honest about his own. If he didn’t love the meal but wants to soothe her, he can mention that although it was good and he appreciated it, he prefers foods that are less salty (or whatever). He can also offer to do the cooking the next night (and she, of course, can feel free to not like it).

If you need help resolving communication problems in your relationship, seeking the help of a trained couples counselor can be greatly beneficial. A good relationship always has differences. Making an effort to truly understand each other, rather than reacting emotionally in the moment, is key. The goal isn’t to win or even to agree; it’s for both parties to feel heard, to feel like what they think matters. That’s what fosters intimacy and draws two people closer together.

References:

1. Gau, J. (2011). Successful marriage. Pastoral Psychology, 60, 651-658.
2. Schnarch, D. (2009). Intimacy & Desire: Awaken the Passion in Your Relationship. New York: Beaufort Books.

I hear your frustration coming through loud and clear and it is totally understandable. You’ve been out to everyone for over two decades and feel deeply liberated by it. You know you’d like to celebrate your love and commitment to your partner publicly, but instead you feel pressured to speak about nonexistent women you are dating. The contrast between how you and he are living your lives could not be more stark. Since you are also sharing your lives, there is bound to be discomfort for each of you as you try to bring the other over into your way of being.

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This is a deeply complicated issue and one that is threatening not just to your relationship but also to each of your identities. You identify as a proud and out gay man, and this relationship is pushing you back into the “closet” to a degree.

This is a deeply complicated issue and one that is threatening not just to your relationship but also to each of your identities. You identify as a proud and out gay man, and this relationship is pushing you back into the “closet” to a degree.

Although American society has made progress over the past 30 years with regard to LGBT rights and acceptance—legally marrying your partner, for instance, was impossible until relatively recently—there is no question that discrimination and stigma are still problematic for many. Perhaps a large part of your partner’s identity is connected to his work, and if coming out costs him his work, he may feel like he is losing a large part of himself. This may be creating a power struggle in your relationship as you each try to hold on to your identities. Even if that’s not the case, it is clear this situation creates discomfort for you in your relationship.

Considering the depth of these issues, partnering with a couples therapist could be invaluable for the two of you. Through couples work, you could each explore these identity issues and how they impact your relationship. Engaging in the process together might offer an opportunity for each of you to develop a stronger sense of empathy for the other’s position.

If your partner is unwilling to go to therapy with you, you can engage in your own therapy to explore some of these issues and have the support of a therapeutic relationship as you try to figure out what you would like to do to feel more at peace.

Kind regards,

Sarah

Author’s note: A caveat before we get into the substance of this article: couples counseling with a skilled therapist can greatly help couples in which one partner has the symptoms or diagnosis of autism spectrum (ASD)/high-functioning autism. This article describes the path followed by many women whose husbands are not diagnosed and who did not have successful couples counseling support to help them understand their differences. I write here about heterosexual married couples because these are the couples I see most frequently in my practice, where most often it is the man who exhibits the characteristics of ASD. This is not meant to imply only heterosexual couples face these issues or only men can have problematic ASD.

When a neurotypical woman is married to a man who has the behaviors associated with autism spectrum (ASD), several things typically occur. Over the course of her marriage, she experiences herself as gradually disappearing. In the place of her former self emerges a person she barely recognizes. She is so lonely. So hurt. So … angry. She feels isolated, as her social connections have gradually diminished. She feels misunderstood by everyone who knows her, so she has learned not to talk about her “problems.” She starts to feels crazy. She also feels guilty, because her husband is a good man.

This result can be seen in the following modified example from my psychotherapy practice:

A woman in her mid-50s came in for her first appointment. She seemed unsure of herself, eyes downcast, behaving as many women do when they first arrive. I recognized the familiar look of bewilderment, explained by others before her as wondering whether they are going to make sense when they begin to speak, of whether I will view them as whiners, or whether they may be wasting my time.

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Before taking a seat, she handed me her curriculum vitae. Many pages long, it was heavy in my hand.

“This is who I used to be,” she said.

At a glance, I could see that among other things this woman had successfully argued a case in front of the U.S. Supreme Court. Sinking into the chair in my office, however, she appeared too meek to look me in the eye as her tears began to form.

“I think my husband has Asperger’s. I don’t know, though. Maybe it’s me. Maybe there’s something wrong with me,” she said. “We have been married for 20 years. I don’t mean to say anything bad about him. He’s a good man. But I need a divorce. And my children think I’m a crazy person.”

Then the tears came in earnest.

“It’s such a relief to be here. People don’t believe me. I stopped talking about this a long time ago.”

I have seen this many times. On one occasion, a woman told me, “My husband has Asperger’s.” Then she began to cry, could not stop, seemed uncomfortable for not being able to compose herself, and left the office without uttering another word.

There are women who work with me for several months and can still feel blindsided when something comes up at home that they misinterpret from a neurotypical (NT) perspective instead of considering the implications of ASD. They continue to be surprised at the gap between themselves and their husbands. The pain they feel when they recognize this gap catches them like a stab to the stomach.

What has happened to these women? It’s difficult to see the process while it is going on, just as it is difficult to see the effects of water drops on granite minute by minute. But changes that are negligible day to day are incontrovertible over the long term. With time, granite that once held the characteristics of a unique natural form is visibly reduced to a smooth, monolithic surface.

What has happened to these women? It’s difficult to see the process while it is going on, just as it is difficult to see the effects of water drops on granite minute by minute. But changes that are negligible day to day are incontrovertible over the long term. With time, granite that once held the characteristics of a unique natural form is visibly reduced to a smooth, monolithic surface.

Instead of drops of water, women married to men on the spectrum are struck by pain from unrelenting moments of being reflected inaccurately in the place they look most often for reassurance: the eyes of their husbands. And over time, they begin to interpret what is reflected to them as a reliable representation. They try to alter their own perspective, their own aspirations, their hopes and dreams, to bring them into line so they are consistent with the way their husbands treat them. The lonely process of love and guilt and shame rips them apart.

It starts like this: a man on the spectrum (most often undiagnosed) marries a woman for all the qualities he admires, but once the wedding is over, those very qualities become the things that spark the most unsettling experiences for him. She is outgoing socially, has interesting things to talk about, and is engaged in intriguing professional activities. She is well-regarded, confident, and kind.

For her part, she finds his thoughtful attention and his stability comforting. She is also drawn to what she takes to be his reticence. She admires his ability to maintain his focus so intently and to be so successful in his work.

To a man on the spectrum, however, living with a person who has these qualities may be predictably uncomfortable. Where he seeks equilibrium in order to feel he understands the world around him, she seeks—and represents—novelty, as a result of the very curiosity that made her the woman he initially admired.

His constant anxiety related to living in what feels like an alien culture is soothed by predictability. This would be facilitated by the presence of a partner who complies with his view of reality. This is not because he sets out to manipulate her. It is because his fundamental concepts are threatened by hers. His anxiety grows with his fear of doing “something wrong” because he is never quite confident about what the “right thing to do” might be.

From her perspective, his thoughtful attention may have disappeared the very day of the wedding. He quickly became self-involved and aloof. The stability she admired slowly shows itself to be profound inflexibility. The reticence does not point to the underlying wisdom she assumed was present; she now sees that it comes from his not knowing what to do or say. And his inability to focus on her has come to mean she exists outside his field of interest, where he is apparently content to relegate her.

Mommy’s Birthday Doesn’t Matter

We can look at birthdays to explore the dynamics common to interactions between partners in an ASD/NT couple. When he does not acknowledge her birthday, and she asserts that his behavior has upset her, he may respond that he did not mean to upset her; therefore, she shouldn’t be upset. Or he might tell her that because birthdays come once year and everyone has them, they are no big deal and she should stop making such a big deal about them. Or he could tell her they celebrated her birthday last year. Or that birthdays are for children. In other words, he may hold her to the same idea regarding birthdays he holds himself. He may criticize her to the degree that her feelings about birthdays differ from his. He will miss her distress.

As a result, she doesn’t have the opportunity to celebrate her birthday, something which is generally understood as a common social convention in our culture. She also feels rejected by her husband over the belief her birthday is worth noting in the first place. She asks herself why such a little thing as a birthday seems so important to her. She wonders whether she is being juvenile, as he suggested. She sees he doesn’t care one way or another about celebrating his own birthday, after all.

She decides he is more mature than she is and attempts to comply with this idea of “maturity” by trying to ignore her own birthday. It doesn’t work. All her friends and family members mark their birthdays in some way. She sometimes has to explain to them why hers was overlooked. On occasion, she makes up stories about her birthday so people won’t feel sorry for her. She feels rejected, as well as foolish for being immature.

Overall, she is sad and lonely, still wondering why she can’t seem to make a point on her own behalf that she’d enjoy at least a card acknowledging her birthday, even though birthdays may not be important to him. But over time, she has learned further discussion is hopeless on a subject like this. She won’t say anything else about her birthday. She has learned such a conversation isn’t a discussion at all. It feels more like a pedantic correction of yet another one of her stupid ideas. And it will leave her upset, possibly in tears, with nowhere to go but inside.

She continues to celebrate his birthday. She makes certain the children’s birthdays are acknowledged and celebrated. She is now operating from the notion that her own birthday is a nonevent. It does not get mentioned because she does not bring it up. Her children, even though they are young, are noticing mommy’s birthday doesn’t matter, however. Daddy’s does. Theirs do. Mommy’s doesn’t. They do not understand it is Mommy herself—and without help from Daddy—who makes all the other birthdays happen. By complying with her husband’s view of things, however, in order to avoid the pain of being criticized about it once again, she has taught her own children that Mommy’s birthday doesn’t matter.

It is fair to wonder why a woman can’t decide to celebrate her own birthday on her own terms, regardless of what her husband thinks about it. In most cases, this would be a valid point. When ASD is present, though, the calculus is different. She can celebrate. She can bake a cake. She can buy herself flowers and even make reservations to go to dinner that evening. If she does, however, her husband’s attitude will be clear to her and to the children, whether he says anything with actual words or keeps his silence. It will be obvious to all concerned that he does not approve. He will comply to a minimum degree. He will participate begrudgingly. He will damn with faint praise. He will stonewall, which means he will say nothing at all, when she suggests (even mildly) that he participate. She has become accustomed to his stonewalling, which Dr. John Gottman, relationship expert, believes can kill a relationship because it denies communication and denies opportunity for the relationship to grow.

The Children Are Watching

The children are watching everything, interpreting it from their limited perspective and understanding. Mommy isn’t thinking of this at the time. She is not thinking the children learn how to treat their mother by observing the way their father treats her. She is operating on the assumption her children know her and love her and they see she is a good person. She is unaware that negative lifelong attitudes toward her are being formed in the young minds of the children she loves so dearly, and that these attitudes can come at her later to hurt her every bit as much as the behaviors she suffered from her husband, their father—the very behaviors that instilled these attitudes in the children in the first place. She is not thinking about the fact the children will likely remain unware they hold these subconscious notions regarding their mother, regarding how to treat her, regarding what she “deserves.” They watched how their father treated her. They learned. As adults, they may ignore their mother’s feelings and question her judgment, just the way Daddy does.

She is also unaware that in doing all the work and providing all the energy toward celebrating Daddy’s birthdays and the children’s birthdays, she is showing the children one more example of taking on both roles, Mommy and Daddy. She does it because it is important to her, for example, that the children’s birthdays are celebrated. She wants them to have fun. She wants them to have one special day a year that is all about them. She sees this as normal.

Daddy doesn’t agree, so he doesn’t participate.

Mommy does it all, from the planning to the present buying to the cake decorating, at home or at the bakery. She chats with all the parents who bring their own children to celebrate. She cleans up after the party. She is exhausted. She says so. Her husband may respond by saying, “Well, you’re the one who had to have this big party! You asked for it.” He may not help with the cleanup because, well, it was “her idea to have the party.”

The children are watching as Mommy cleans up and Daddy retreats to his study. If they get wild or misbehave, a distinct possibility after having the house full of friends and their tummies full of birthday cake and ice cream, it will be Mommy who has to enter the fray and settle things down. If she’s tired and feeling lonely and rejected by her husband, she is at her least resilient point, and she can snap unintentionally at the children. She looks like the bad guy, the parent who is “always angry.” This is how it may seem to small children.

The children are also susceptible to misunderstanding another basic fact they observe regularly. They see Mommy being strong. They see her as the one in charge of all the daily life of the family, and of all the extras (such as birthday parties, ballet lessons, soccer games, play dates), and they wonder where Daddy is. Because the reality of the situation is impenetrable and inaccessible to the children, they may create their own narratives. They may believe Daddy is a good man, yet Mommy seems to want to do everything. They determine this is because Mommy has pushed Daddy aside in order to control everything herself. Mommy doesn’t let Daddy help. Poor Daddy! Mommy is really mean.

Time to Make a Change

The years go by. The children go off to college, graduate, create their own lives. Mom couldn’t be more proud of the young people they have become. She decides she can no longer survive the relationship with her husband, however. It is not unusual for women to leave these marriages once the children are at least in high school, but often the marker is when they leave the house for college. This is not an easy decision for a woman. In fact, it is brutal. And it often makes no sense to anyone who is looking in at the marriage from the outside, including the couple’s children. She must give up everything in order to save her sanity. Yes, it has come to that.

This woman has lost a partner, lost a marriage. She has also lost her dreams, her hopes. She has lost her fundamental sense of who she is. She has to mourn these losses. She then has to heal. And she has to re-create herself.

The woman by this time may have few friends, few confidants. She has learned to refrain from discussing her marriage difficulties, because the friends she has have always seen her husband as such a “nice guy” and because he is undeniably a good provider. She stopped trying to talk about it because she got tired of hearing “all marriages have problems,” she is “expecting him to meet all her needs, which is impossible for any one person to do,” and she is “misinterpreting things.”

When she finally does go through a divorce, she discovers it will take her years to sort things out. She will think she is doing well immediately afterward because it feels so good to be free from the constant state of stress and criticism. This can be exhilarating. But gradually, she learns it is a phase. And it reveals a miscomprehension of how much healing she really has to do. During this time, before she reestablishes her new self, she may do things that seem rational and make decisions that seem logical. However, it is in looking back from a vantage point of several years after her divorce that she is likely to begin seeing just how separated from her true being she was during these years of healing, and of how much more healing she had to do, and still faces.

This woman has lost a partner, lost a marriage. She has also lost her dreams, her hopes. She has lost her fundamental sense of who she is. She has to mourn these losses. She then has to heal. And she has to re-create herself. It can take a decade or more to sort these things out and to become strong on her own. If she enters into a relationship with another man before she gets her bearings, she is likely to face additional confusion until the dust settles. This is not to be dismissed as the normal post-divorce phase of a woman’s life. It is an epic battle for reconstruction.

A No-Win Situation

By this time, the children see her differently. She is the woman who did not deserve to have birthday parties, remember. She is the woman who appeared to have pushed their father aside, so he was unable to be part of their daily lives. She appeared to have been the one who rejected him, and who instead of involving him in their lives, inserted her own agenda and goals. She is the one who spent all the money, because she had to manage everything and make all the decisions without her husband’s input. She is the one, most importantly, who broke up the family. Her selfishness caused the divorce, and the children were left to sort it all out.

Dad is the victim. Mom is the witch.

Mom has given her life to be both mother and father to the children because their father, on the autism spectrum but undiagnosed, was incapable of being involved emotionally and practically in the daily lives of their young family. Patterns were established. Mom continued to give. She finally left the marriage for her own sanity. She loses her marriage, her husband, her intact family. She appears to be the agent of the demise of the family, but she is not, because in running from abuse (regardless of the fact it was not necessarily intentional), she is running from a burning building in order to save her life. A fire set by intent, an accidental fire—what’s the difference to the person inside the house who must flee if she wants to live?

The woman loses again when she begins to understand her children treat her the way their father always treated her. They don’t respect her. They keep their distance. They blame her for everything they ever felt was wrong in the house when they were growing up.

The woman coming out of an ASD/NT marriage loses twice. She loses her husband and she loses when her children treat her the way their father treated her.

And to attempt to tell her story to her children is wrought with landmines invisible to her and unimaginable to the children. She feels she cannot convey the reality to them, regardless of her attempts. And even after all these years, she does not want to disparage their father, because she understands ASD is not his fault. She still treads carefully, even though he is unlikely to extend the same grace toward her. The children do not see this. Too much time has gone by. Too many patterns are set. They see only criticism of their father if she mentions she had to heal, or that she had to rediscover who she was after the divorce, or that she may have made decisions in the early years following the divorce that were not ultimately consistent with the person she now knows herself to be. She is, once again, judged and criticized—this time by the very children she exhausted herself to nurture.

If she is fortunate, she has found a good therapist along the way. She has had the opportunity to talk without feeling crazy. She has cried the bulk of her tears, though they still come when she thinks of her children, of how she loves them, of how unfair this has been to them, to her, to her former husband.

She has herself. She has friends. If she is fortunate, she has learned to re-create herself in such a way she has a career or an involvement in the community that allows her to experience herself in her competence and to be acknowledged by others as a person worthy of attention, worthy of friendship, even worthy of a birthday party.

Postscript: This article is a composite of what I have seen in my practice over the years among neurotypical women who have emerged from marriages with men who exhibit the behaviors consistent with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (formerly called Asperger’s syndrome, high functioning autism). As a psychotherapist, I work with ASD/NT couples. I work with individuals affected by ASD. I work with women who are or were married to men with ASD. My role can be described as that of an ASD/NT translator, essentially, and my goal is to help both partners understand the world as seen from the other. By writing this, I do not mean to disparage or judge anyone. This article reflects my experience as a therapist, and I offer it here in this form to help women understand that their experiences are valid as well as to help their friends and family members understand what these women have been struggling with—and what they may well continue to struggle with for some time to come.

References:

1. Gottman, J. (2015). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work: A Practical Guide from the Country’s Foremost Relationship Expert. New York, NY: Harmony Books.
2. Silverman, S. (2015). NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity. New York, NY: Avery Publishing.

When I work with people who have difficulty expressing what they want and need, especially to their significant others, it is apparent feelings about hurting the other can create a fierce resistance to the authentic expression of self. As a therapist, my job is to find a way to help people navigate between consideration of the other’s feelings and honoring their own wishes and desires.

For some, realizing they have wounded someone they care about, even unintentionally, can cause painful regret and self-attack. Frequently, I find I must help people accept that they can and sometimes should choose to express themselves knowing it might hurt someone they love. My challenge is how to help someone accept that hurting and being hurt comes with the territory of love and relationships.

Identification with the Other

Mark, who has been married to Cynthia for five years, talks about how much he loves his wife and how difficult it is to make choices for himself when she disapproves of those choices: “Cynthia is such a strong person. She always seems to know what she wants and what is right for us. I wanted to take a relaxing beach vacation since work has been so crazy, but she insisted we do something more interesting. When I tried to push and said how tired I was, she started to cry and told me I should know how much she hates the beach and how it hurt her feelings that I would even suggest it. I felt really terrible and mean. She’s right: I should never have brought it up.”

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Mark and I explored his reaction to Cynthia and his feelings of guilt and cold-heartedness for not recognizing he would hurt her by expressing his wishes. Mark found it difficult to consider that he hadn’t done something unforgivable. He was consumed with self-loathing and seemed devastated as he put his head in his hands and told me: “I always feel like the world’s worst person when I hurt her so badly. It shakes me up and I hate myself.”

Mark was not aware of how he identifies with Cynthia’s feelings and experiences her pain as if it were his own: “I know just how she feels when I do that to her. I’ve felt that so many times in my life, especially when my older sisters would be mean to me. I never want to make anyone, especially the woman I love, feel so awful.”

His recounting of his experiences with his sisters led us to focus on how Mark identifies with Cynthia and assumes her hurt feels exactly like his hurts of so many years ago, inflicted with malice. I asked Mark if he could imagine not feeling so viscerally that he had hurt her and instead feel sad or sorry for his behavior. I pointed out, “You identify with Cynthia and experience her pain as if it were your own. It seems difficult to step back a little and just feel badly that your wishes hurt her and be concerned, rather than taking on and experiencing her feelings. Identifying this way makes it very difficult to allow yourself to be free to express your needs and cope with your impact. You also end up attacking yourself and feeling like a bad person when it feels like you have so seriously wounded your wife.”

Mark acknowledged he often felt paralyzed to express his wishes but found it confusing to consider he could have a choice and not identify with Cynthia. I introduced the idea of empathy to Mark as an alternative to identification. We have begun to work on what it would mean and how it would feel to be empathic (being compassionate and sensitive to feelings without having the feelings) rather than identifying. This is not yet a distinction Mark can easily understand, and we continue to work on this. We will also continue our exploration of how Mark develops his identification reaction when a significant other is hurting.

Early Family Communications About Hurt and Hurting

Some children grow up in families where parents communicate that any negative impact the child makes on the parent will not be tolerated. This means the child cannot disagree, create conflict, or express any thoughts or feelings which negatively affect the parent. Under these circumstances, the parent’s response when they feel the child has hurt them is typically a communication that the child has inflicted pain and suffering on the parent. This is frequently experienced by the child as a sign of the child’s “badness.”

When a child’s early experience is that they have the power to inflict such hurt and distress on a parent, they are likely to take on that “bad person” feeling. Thus, feelings of shame, anxiety, and worries about being destructive can become part of the child’s identity. The degree to which this is felt and internalized may depend on where on the continuum of possible responses the parent’s reaction falls. The parent’s negative responses may range from a quiet and subtle withdrawal of love or connection, to guilt- and fear-inducing accusations of “you hurt me” or “you’re mean,” to aggressive physical punishment.

This kind of negative emotional response from a parent may severely interfere with the child’s ability to develop a positive sense of self and impair the capacity to assert their wishes and desires to others. The expression of any sense of agency can create anxiety about the risk of negatively impacting the other, along with worry they are doomed to experience the feelings that have come to be part of the “bad person” identity.

Part of the work for these people in therapy is to get comfortable with being hurt and hurting as a normal component of relationships. This doesn’t mean one shouldn’t feel badly or sorry when they inflict hurt. It does mean it is necessary to address old responses of feeling devastated (identification) when a loved one is hurting, as well as the “bad person” feelings of shame and self-hate.

Jana, 29, was very angry in her session with me as she recounted a memory when she was 5 or 6: “My parents divorced, and my father left me and my younger brother with my mother. I was sad all the time and scared. My mother went to work, and we had a babysitter. I remember pulling on my mother and crying, ‘Don’t go, don’t go.’ I was beside myself. She told me to stop it, that I was making her feel bad and hurting her feelings. I’m not absolutely sure she said this to me, but I think she said something like it was mean of me to make her feel like a bad mother. I think she said that a lot. She hasn’t changed. She’s the mean one. That icy cold voice comes out of her even now when I’m upset about something or need something from her.”

I remarked, “You seem angry at her now. How did you express anger growing up?”

Jana sighed, “I am angry now. But I could never let myself get angry at her when I was growing up. I couldn’t really let myself feel angry feelings toward her until a few years ago, after I started to work with you. I was always the bad one; I felt I was always hurting her. I especially remember hurting her if I didn’t say the right thing to my grandparents. I absolutely remember her telling me I was mean to make her look like a bad daughter because of something I said or didn’t say to my grandparents. I don’t know what she wanted. It was so unpredictable. I remember this awful feeling in my stomach, like I was going to throw up. For so many years, I felt like a disgusting person.”

Jana has increasingly been able to understand her child self was not to blame for her mother’s hurt feelings and that her behaviors were not bad or mean, even if her mother experienced them that way. She is now better able to be angry with her mother and recognizes her overwhelming feelings of shame and anxieties about her impact on others are related to her early experiences.

Nevertheless, she has not been able to give up the wish for her mother to affirm her goodness. She continues to struggle to maintain a more positive sense of herself and disavow the “bad person” feelings. Contact with her mother is her biggest challenge to accepting her goodness and shedding her sense of herself as a disgusting person. Fortunately, Jana’s awareness of her situation, and her commitment to herself to grow an identity in which she can comfortably express who she is, is powerful motivation to keep growing.

For Jana and Mark, there is a strong drive to suppress their thoughts and feelings rather than risk “bad person” feelings and/or their own pain should they hurt a significant other. For any person who has to fight “bad person” feelings, it becomes necessary to loosen the hold on the idea that the other’s hurt is the consequence of their behavior and/or badness. Rather, they need to recognize that the other’s feelings of being hurt don’t always correspond to having been treated in a hurtful manner.

It may sound glib to say “hurt happens,” but it does. This doesn’t mean behavior isn’t sometimes intentional and meant to hurt and destroy. However, when I think about the people I help and their early experiences in their families, they were not helped to be comfortable with their nondestructive or non-mean behavior if the other felt impacted in hurtful ways. (I am not addressing hurtful behavior when it was intentional.) Part of the work for these people in therapy is to get comfortable with being hurt and hurting as a normal component of relationships. This doesn’t mean one shouldn’t feel badly or sorry when they inflict hurt. It does mean it is necessary to address old responses of feeling devastated (identification) when a loved one is hurting, as well as the “bad person” feelings of shame and self-hate. These old responses do not serve the individual’s needs for self-esteem, agency, and authenticity.

Note: To protect privacy, names in the preceding article have been changed and the dialogues described are a composite.

It is love or is it lust? Many have asked this question at some point, struggling to make a distinction between the two. According to recent science, the answer lies in the eyes.

“The eyes are the windows to the soul” is a popular phrase, and science has revealed the truth of this poetic line. Researchers have found eye movement alone can distinguish the feelings of love from lust.

Love or Lust: The Eyes Tell All

During a study by University of Chicago researchers, participants’ eye patterns were monitored while looking at a stranger’s photo. According to the results, a person who sees someone as a potential romantic partner would look at the person’s face, whereas a person who is feeling lust or sexual desire is more likely to look at the person’s body.

Other scientific studies have shown the brain regions involved in feelings of love are different from those involved in feelings of lust. Eye movement data proved different eye movements occur when a person views a photo of romantic love, such as a picture of a couple holding hands, versus a photo of an attractive person.

The Neurophysiology of Love and Lust

[fat_widget_right]Though love and lust are interrelated, they are coordinated by different emotional systems and neural processes in the brain. Lust is ruled by the sex drive, which is processed in the endocrine and reproductive system, driven by testosterone and estrogen.

Physical attraction plays a role in feelings of lust and falling in love. Attraction is driven by the reproductive instinct and is subject to hormonal reactions as well as the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine.

After someone has fallen in passionate love, the initial excitement and passion may fade over time as the dopamine levels associated with novelty begin to level out. At this point, the love may grow into companionate love. This type of love is associated with bonding hormones, such as oxytocin and vasopressin.

Distinguishing Between Lust and Love

Although science indicates love and lust are distinct even on a physiological and neurological level, it may not make distinguishing between the two any easier for those under the charms of lust and romantic love. Differentiating between the two can be a challenge, as the feelings often occur simultaneously and both have the ability to cloud judgment. So how can you tell the difference?

Lust is purely physical attraction. It is an altered state of consciousness biologically driven by the instinct to procreate. It can be incredibly powerful and can at times surpass logic and reason. Lust is initiated by pheromones, chemicals secreted in sweat that reveal information about genetics and influence behavior. When you experience physical attraction and sexual desire for another, it is the result of bodily awareness of a good genetic match for creating offspring. Lust knows nothing about long-term compatibility or companionship.

Love is also an attraction, but it goes beyond a physiological impulse. Love is not immediate; rather, it grows over time. When you meet someone you fall in love with, it may start out as lust and grow into infatuation, which is what we commonly associate with romantic love.

Love is also an attraction, but it goes beyond a physiological impulse. Love is not immediate, but rather grows over time.When you become infatuated with another, you may begin to see through rose-colored glasses, putting the person on a pedestal and ignoring any flaws. Infatuation can become obsessive, leading someone to experience the “can’t eat, can’t sleep” phenomenon often associated with falling in love.

Scientific studies have shown the brain in love looks a lot like the brain on cocaine, with high dopamine levels and lowered serotonin. Eventually, the exciting feelings fade as the novelty of the relationship wears off and you are no longer under the lover’s haze. It is often at this stage when people begin to see their partner clearly without projections, and flaws start to become apparent. Lovers either realize they are not compatible and part shortly after infatuation fades or they commit to the relationship and develop companionate love for one another.

Lust and infatuation require little commitment or effort, whereas love generally requires a high degree of both. A successful loving relationship requires honesty, communication, compassion, respect, and trust. Love is most often built on a strong mutual foundation. Love usually involves personal sacrifice. When you’re in love, you shift from “me-thinking” to “we-thinking.” It is the willingness to consider another’s well-being in the same way you would your own.

References:

1. Blair, L. (2010, July 14). Mistaking lust for love. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/14/mistaking-lust-for-love
2. Fisher, H. E. (2000, January 1). Brains do it: Lust, Attraction, and Attachment. The Dana Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.dana.org/Cerebrum/Default.aspx?id=39351
3. Ingmire, J. (2014, July 17). Eye movements reveal difference between love and lust. UChicago News. Retrieved from http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/07/17/eye-movements-reveal-difference-between-love-and-lust
4. Lahat, I. (2014, July 9). The Brain Looks the Same When We’re in Love or High on Cocaine. Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/the-brain-looks-the-same-high-on-love-or-cocaine-2014-7

Many couples share their lives intimately—sleeping in the same bed, raising children together, managing daily routines side by side—yet still feel profoundly lonely and disconnected. Relationship satisfaction is a widely used indicator of treatment success and reflects core dimensions of relational functioning, such as emotional intimacy, communication, and commitment. Understanding the difference between simply being close to someone and truly sharing intimacy can transform how we approach our most important relationships.

Closeness vs. Intimacy: A Critical Distinction

While many people struggle to define intimacy precisely, they can definitely sense when something vital is missing from their relationships. The distinction between closeness and intimacy, though subtle, is fundamental to understanding relationship dynamics.

Closeness refers to the degree to which relationship partners are cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally interdependent with one another. This means the extent to which partners’ lives are deeply intertwined—they influence each other’s outcomes and rely on one another for fulfilling important social, emotional, and physical needs.

Intimacy, however, represents a special class of social interactions in which one partner expresses self-relevant feelings and information and, as a result of the other partner’s responsiveness and positive regard, comes to feel understood, validated, and cared for. Intimacy as an interpersonal process: The importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. Intimacy includes verbal sharing, physical touch, and sexual engagement.

You may find yourselves managing life together effectively (closeness) but not necessarily diving into the deeper realm of emotional transparency, physical affection, and meaningful connection (intimacy).

For many couples, this disconnection happens gradually rather than suddenly. Partners may continue functioning well as a team, coordinating schedules, parenting, paying bills, and managing responsibilities, while quietly losing emotional curiosity, affection, and vulnerability with one another over time. Because the relationship still “works” on the surface, the loss of intimacy can go unnoticed until loneliness, resentment, or emotional distance becomes difficult to ignore.

The Science of Emotional Intimacy

Recent research reveals intimacy as far more than a subjective feeling—it’s a measurable psychological process with profound implications for mental and physical health. Emotional intimacy protects marital satisfaction from role conflict in dual-earner couples. Lee and Yoon demonstrated that disruptions in emotional and sexual functioning significantly undermine marital intimacy in medically stressed couples

Self-disclosure (especially in the sense of confiding) and social support are thought to be particularly important in mediating the positive effects of intimacy on health and well-being. Intimate interactions are also a vital source of social support, for instance, when one partner discloses personal feelings and the other provides understanding and reassurance.

Healthy intimacy is different from emotional dependence. Intimacy allows two people to remain emotionally connected while still maintaining a sense of self, individuality, and personal boundaries. Emotional dependence, by contrast, can involve relying on a partner for constant reassurance, emotional regulation, or self-worth. Secure intimacy supports connection without requiring emotional fusion.

Neurobiological Foundations

One of the immediate effects of self-disclosure is reduced autonomic nervous system activity, while the long-term benefits include enhanced immune function and improved physical and mental health. This research demonstrates that intimacy operates at both psychological and physiological levels, influencing stress response systems and overall well-being.

Attachment and Intimate Relationships

Attachment theory considers the “capacity to make intimate emotional bonds with other individuals… as a principal feature of effective personality functioning and mental health.” Confirming this, several studies underlined that successful romantic relationships could support well-being and happiness among university students.

Insecure attachment style is associated with anxiety and depression and difficulties with emotion regulation. Secure attachment on the other hand is associated with greater levels of wellbeing and resilience.

Building Intimate Connections

Genuine intimacy often requires tolerating vulnerability, uncertainty, and the possibility of rejection. For many people, especially those with histories of emotional inconsistency, betrayal, criticism, or attachment injuries, allowing themselves to be fully seen by a partner can feel emotionally risky. Yet intimacy grows when partners gradually create enough safety for honesty, openness, and emotional presence to feel possible. Consider these essential questions about your relationship:

• Do we regard each other as good people?
• Do we have each other’s best interests at heart?
• Do we trust each other with our innermost thoughts and feelings?
• Do we listen to each other attentively?
• Do we take care of each other emotionally, physically, and sexually?

If you answered “no” to any of these questions, you may not feel entirely safe and secure in your relationship. You may fear rejection, abandonment, or even a loss of identity or self. Many couples become discouraged when answering these questions honestly, particularly after trust has been damaged. The goal is not perfection or constant closeness. More often, intimacy is rebuilt by creating enough emotional safety, consistency, and responsiveness for vulnerability to slowly return over time.

Evidence-Based Intimacy Building

Research shows that the presence and quality of sexual communication had positive actor effects on relationship satisfaction, emotional intimacy, and daily affect. The presence of sexual communication also had a positive partner effect on emotional intimacy.

Emotional, intellectual, and recreational intimacy were the significant predictors of marital satisfaction for male and female participants. This suggests that intimacy operates across multiple dimensions, not just emotional or sexual connection.

Conflict itself does not necessarily damage intimacy. In many healthy relationships, disagreement can actually deepen understanding when both partners feel heard and respected. Intimacy tends to erode more through chronic defensiveness, emotional withdrawal, resentment, contempt, or the absence of repair after conflict. Small moments of accountability, reassurance, and reconnection often matter more than avoiding conflict altogether.

Challenges to Intimacy in Modern Relationships

Technology and Digital Disconnection

Intimacy quality, a critical component of romantic relationships, is eroded as digital distractions interfere with meaningful connection and attentiveness. Frequent interruptions due to smartphone use diminish emotional closeness and perceived partner availability, further reducing relational satisfaction.

In some relationships, technology also becomes a way to avoid vulnerability, discomfort, conflict, or emotional presence. Scrolling, texting, gaming, or retreating into digital spaces can create emotional distance when partners feel overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure how to reconnect with one another directly.

Pphubbing negatively affects several relational outcomes, including relationship satisfaction, marital satisfaction, romantic relationship quality, intimacy, responsiveness, and overall emotional closeness.

The Challenge of Authentic Connection

In user testimonies and qualitative research, individuals often describe their AI companions using the language of intimacy. The illusion of emotional reciprocity creates a dangerous feedback loop. The more realistic the simulation, the more users project human attributes onto the machine. This projection fosters emotional dependence on a relational entity that cannot reciprocate, cannot change, and cannot truly grow

While this research focuses on AI relationships, it highlights a broader challenge: the risk of settling for pseudo-intimacy over genuine emotional connection with real partners. Part of the appeal of artificial companionship may be that it can feel emotionally safer than human intimacy. Real relationships require compromise, uncertainty, accountability, and the possibility of misunderstanding or rejection. AI interactions, by contrast, may offer the illusion of connection without the emotional risks that genuine intimacy demands.

Attachment and Intimacy Across the Lifespan

Research confirms that our adult romantic relationships are deeply connected to our early primary attachments as infants. According to attachment theory, interactions with inconsistent, unreliable, or insensitive attachment figures interfere with the development of a secure, stable mental foundation; reduce resilience in coping with stressful life events; and predispose a person to break down psychologically in times of crisis. Attachment insecurity can therefore be viewed as a general vulnerability to mental disorders.

In adult relationships, insecure attachment patterns may appear as over-pursuing reassurance, emotional shutdown, conflict avoidance, hypervigilance to rejection, difficulty trusting closeness, or withdrawing during moments of vulnerability. These responses are often protective adaptations rather than intentional attempts to harm a relationship. With greater awareness, emotional safety, and healthier relational experiences, these patterns can gradually shift over time.

When you consider the questions above about trust, responsiveness, and emotional care, how closely do your responses mirror relationships from your early childhood years? With your parents? With caregivers?

Bowlby claimed that meaningful relational interactions during adolescence and adulthood can move a person from one region to another of the two-dimensional conceptual space defined by attachment anxiety and avoidance. Moreover, a growing body of research shows that attachment style can change, subtly or dramatically, depending on current context, recent experiences, and recent relationships.

This means that regardless of your early experiences, you can develop more secure patterns of intimacy through conscious effort and healing relationships.

Creating Intimate Moments

When I help people develop healthy levels of intimacy, I remind them that intimacy is not an end goal. Intimacy is a shared moment. It will come and it will go.

Our work is not to hold a death grip on intimacy but simply to create an abundance of intimate moments. Many couples discover that intimacy is built less through grand romantic gestures and more through small moments of responsiveness and emotional consideration. Being attentive after a difficult day, repairing after conflict, listening without immediately trying to fix the problem, expressing affection consistently, or responding warmly to vulnerability can slowly strengthen emotional connection over time.

In fact, intimacy can feel so intense at times that stepping away from deeply intimate moments allows us to put our best attention toward other important life tasks.

Couples who regulate emotions effectively are better equipped to tolerate relational stress, navigate conflict productively, and remain emotionally connected during periods of adversity. Emotion regulation influences how partners express needs, respond to vulnerability, manage conflict, and maintain emotional safety. These processes, in turn, shape the quality of intimacy, which directly determines whether marital stress accumulates into burnout or is effectively absorbed within the relational system.

The Role of Responsiveness

A partner’s responsiveness and positive regard are essential elements of intimate dynamics. Lack of intimacy may directly connect to a history of poor responsiveness between partners.

Many people assume intimacy naturally follows love, but responsiveness is often what determines whether emotional closeness deepens or gradually weakens. Repeated experiences of feeling emotionally dismissed, ignored, criticized, or unseen, even in subtle everyday interactions, can slowly erode trust and emotional safety within a relationship.

Effective interventions to enhance trust within a relationship, be it online or offline, include transparency, open communication, explicit rules regarding appropriate behaviors within the relationship, and quality time with the romantic partner through shared activities.

Professional Support for Intimacy Issues

Building a solid, stable, loving, long-term, committed relationship takes intentional work. You are a complex human being, comprised of many dimensions that influence how you show up as a romantic partner.

For individuals with greater attachment anxiety, attachment‐focused interventions should explore insecurities around inadequacy of self and fears around loss of a romantic partner to another person on social media. Emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT) is a particularly helpful model given that EFT interventions target deep‐seated insecurities by helping individuals with greater attachment anxiety build more secure emotional connection with their romantic partners.

Emotional closeness rarely disappears overnight, and rebuilding intimacy usually takes time as well. Couples often need repeated experiences of honesty, responsiveness, repair, and emotional consistency before trust and connection begin to feel secure again. Know that with thoughtful, consistent effort, you can develop a richer, more connected relationship. Start with answering the questions above. Let them guide you into a deeper conversation with your partner.

If you’re struggling with intimacy in your relationships, consider working with a qualified therapist who specializes in couples therapy. Individual therapy can also help address attachment insecurities and emotional barriers to intimacy.

Find a therapist who specializes in relationships, intimacy, or sexual issues.

• Apostolou, M., Hadjiantoni, M., & Lajunen, T. J. (2025). Strategies for coping with the end of a desirable intimate relationship: An exploratory study. Evolutionary Psychology, 23(3), 14747049251368249. https://doi.org/10.1177/14747049251368249
• Banks, J. (2024). Emotional attachment and emerging psychological risks in human-AI relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1679324.
• Carnelley, K. B., Hudson, M., Lewis, N., & Millings, A. (2023). Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction: The mediating role of partner responsiveness. Computers in Human Behavior, 141, 107623.
• Chen, T., Dai, M., Calabrese, C., & Merrill Jr, K. (2025). Dyadic and longitudinal influences of sexual communication on relationship satisfaction, emotional intimacy, and daily affect among same-sex male couples. Health Communication, 40(7), 1352-1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2024.2400813
• Kernová, L., & Halamová, J. (2025). Effectiveness of digital interventions on relationship satisfaction among couples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychology, 13, 1069. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03444-y
• Kocyigit, M., & Uzun, M. (2024). Couple burnout and marital satisfaction: Serial mediation by mindfulness and emotion regulation. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1-19.
• Laurenceau, J., Feldman Barrett, L. F., & Pietromonaco, P. R. (1998). Intimacy as an interpersonal process: The importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1238–1251.
• Lee, H., & Yoon, H. G. (2023). Body change stress, sexual function, and marital intimacy in Korean patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A cross-sectional study. Cancer Nursing, 46(4), E234-E242.
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6-10.
• Nugrahani, R., Smith, J. L., & Williams, K. (2025). Emotional intimacy as a protective factor against role conflict in dual-earner couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 87(2), 445-462.
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1999). The effects of traumatic disclosure on physical and mental health: The values of writing and talking about upsetting events. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1, 9-18.
• Prager, K. J. (1995). The psychology of intimacy. Guilford Press.
• Reis, H. T., & Franks, P. (1994). The role of intimacy and social support in health outcomes: Two processes or one? Personal Relationships, 1, 185-197.
• Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 367-389). Wiley.
• Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 30-44.
• Sagone, E., Commodari, E., Indiana, M. L., & La Rosa, V. L. (2023). Exploring the association between attachment style, psychological well-being, and relationship status in young adults and adults—A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(3), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13030040
• Tayebi, M., Rahman, S., & Johnson, L. (2025). The relationship between emotion regulation and marital burnout with the mediating role of intimacy. Applied Family Therapy Journal, 7(2), 1-10.
• Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 488-531.
• Wang, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, M. (2024). Partner phubbing and attachment anxiety: The role of emotional security in romantic relationships. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 27(8), 556-563.
• Yang, F., & Sari, K. (2025). Emotional intimacy and shared values as predictors of marital satisfaction in Indonesian couples. KMAN Counseling & Psychology Nexus, 3, 1-9.

References:

1. Apostolou, M., Hadjiantoni, M., & Lajunen, T. J. (2025). Strategies for coping with the end of a desirable intimate relationship: An exploratory study. Evolutionary Psychology, 23(3), 14747049251368249. https://doi.org/10.1177/14747049251368249
2. Banks, J. (2024). Emotional attachment and emerging psychological risks in human-AI relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1679324.
3. Carnelley, K. B., Hudson, M., Lewis, N., & Millings, A. (2023). Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction: The mediating role of partner responsiveness. Computers in Human Behavior, 141, 107623.
4. Chen, T., Dai, M., Calabrese, C., & Merrill Jr, K. (2025). Dyadic and longitudinal influences of sexual communication on relationship satisfaction, emotional intimacy, and daily affect among same-sex male couples. Health Communication, 40(7), 1352-1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2024.2400813
5. Kernová, L., & Halamová, J. (2025). Effectiveness of digital interventions on relationship satisfaction among couples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychology, 13, 1069. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03444-y
6. Kocyigit, M., & Uzun, M. (2024). Couple burnout and marital satisfaction: Serial mediation by mindfulness and emotion regulation. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1-19.
7. Laurenceau, J., Feldman Barrett, L. F., & Pietromonaco, P. R. (1998). Intimacy as an interpersonal process: The importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1238–1251.
8. Lee, H., & Yoon, H. G. (2023). Body change stress, sexual function, and marital intimacy in Korean patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A cross-sectional study. Cancer Nursing, 46(4), E234-E242.
9. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6-10.
10. Nugrahani, R., Smith, J. L., & Williams, K. (2025). Emotional intimacy as a protective factor against role conflict in dual-earner couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 87(2), 445-462.
11. Pennebaker, J. W. (1999). The effects of traumatic disclosure on physical and mental health: The values of writing and talking about upsetting events. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1, 9-18.
12. Prager, K. J. (1995). The psychology of intimacy. Guilford Press.
13. Reis, H. T., & Franks, P. (1994). The role of intimacy and social support in health outcomes: Two processes or one? Personal Relationships, 1, 185-197.
14. Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 367-389). Wiley.
15. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 30-44.
16. Sagone, E., Commodari, E., Indiana, M. L., & La Rosa, V. L. (2023). Exploring the association between attachment style, psychological well-being, and relationship status in young adults and adults—A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(3), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13030040
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19. Wang, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, M. (2024). Partner phubbing and attachment anxiety: The role of emotional security in romantic relationships. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 27(8), 556-563.
20. Yang, F., & Sari, K. (2025). Emotional intimacy and shared values as predictors of marital satisfaction in Indonesian couples. KMAN Counseling & Psychology Nexus, 3, 1-9.

“We waste time looking for the perfect lover, instead of creating the perfect love.”
—Tom Robbins, American novelist

Are you still “in love” with your partner?

Do you feel deep affection?

Are you best friends?

Do you connect daily?

Is sexual attraction present?

Keeping love alive in a relationship is a challenge—especially when we’re perpetually busy and distracted by our gadgets and social media. Attending to and consistently nurturing bonds over time is key to making relationships last.

Love will fade if we don’t actively do the work to deepen and cultivate our connections. Just as exercise builds muscles and keeps us physically in shape, we must work out our emotional muscles to keep our relationships fit. Consciously loving our partners is what sustains and grows the strength and depth of intimacy over a lifetime.

Often, in the therapy room, individuals and couples disclose they’ve lost their connection. Among other things, therapists hear:

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• “It feels like we’re just roommates.”
• “I feel detached.”
• “I love my partner, but I’m not ‘in love.’ ”
• “I care about my partner, but the attraction is gone.”
• “We don’t have fun anymore.”

With apprehension, people ask, “Is there a way to get love and attraction back?”

The answer is a resounding yes! And doing so doesn’t always require heavy lifting. Often, it’s more about creating a new habit of going to the “relationship gym” several times a week and lifting smaller weights. Consistency and perseverance are crucial to building relationship muscles. With repetition, loving feelings of warmth and attraction can return.

Here are 10 easy ways to build your relationship and actively create deeper love and connection:

1. Stay in Close Contact

With all our handy electronics, staying in touch during the day should be easy … if we don’t get so focused on work that we forget or fail to connect with our loved ones. Taking a few minutes to text or give a midday call is a great way to keep your relationship in mind and let your partner know you are thinking about them.

2. Be Present

One of the biggest roadblocks occurs when couples are together physically, yet one or both are on (or shall we say “in”) their computers or cellphones. For many couples, it is the only time they have to connect, catch up on the day, and share each other’s lives. To truly be present, you must put the electronics away and make a point of talking, touching, and sharing.

3. Learn More About Your Partner

Think you know everything about your partner? There is almost surely more you can learn. Here are some great resources to get you talking to each other. You might be surprised to discover things you never knew. [amazon_affiliate]

• The Quiz Book for Couples
• TABLETOPICS Couples: Questions to Start Great Conversations

4. Reminisce

Sometimes my husband and I sit down and try to recall our best memories. We ask each other, “Do you remember …?” It is always fun going back down memory lane and thinking about how far we have come, how much history we share, and how much we have accomplished together over the years. Not just the good times, but the difficult ones, too. Here is a great journal where you can record your story, a place where you and your partner (and, someday, your kids) can remember the way it was.

• Book of Us: A Journal of Your Love Story in 150 Questions

5. Create a Relationship ‘Bucket List’

Stop and think about all the things you would like to do together but never get to. Chances are you tend to fly by the seat of your pants and don’t pause to think about the fun activities you could do together; the days just pass by. If you write it down, the chances are better you will actually do it.

6. Do Something New Together

Try something you haven’t done before. Go to a bed-and-breakfast for a night, find a new restaurant, have a picnic at a park, go on a ghost tour, do a casino night, visit a museum or art gallery, take a wine tasting tour, or go roller skating. Shared experiences create memories and stimulate connection.

7. Learn Something New Together

Finding a hobby you both enjoy can be exciting. Plus, it’s a bonding experience. Dancing, photography, yoga, couples massage, acting, cooking, painting, home improvement, and fitness are just a few ideas. Think outside the box here.

8. Play Games

Have you ever played a game (without the kids)? Try card games, board games, video games. Here is one from our favorite expert on marriage, John Gottman.

• The Gottman Couples Retreat Board Game

9. Laugh

Many people “forget” to laugh as the serious responsibilities of marriage, family, and career take over and get in the way. Get your laugh on—watch a romantic comedy, turn on Comedy Central, or go out to a comedy club. Spend time with people who make you laugh. I recently discovered something new: laughter yoga. Check out their YouTube video below.

10. Have Sex

Sexual intimacy may be what makes your relationship different from any other kind of loving relationship in your life. We often find in practice that couples neglect their sexual bonds. New research has found heterosexual couples who have sex at least once a week are happiest.

The key to success is to start small and be consistent. Ask your partner to read this article. Then, together, pick one or two ideas from above to start with. Add your own. Build your relationship. Feel closer. Create lasting love.

Reference:

Society for Personality and Social Psychology. (2015, November 18). Couples who have sex weekly are happiest: More sex may not always make you happier, according to new research. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151118101718.htm

It sounds like you are still in a great deal of pain after the loss of this relationship. I hear you when you say moving on is more difficult than it sounds. I also hear you expressing a very common belief that you need to be able to speak to your ex in order to gain a sense of closure, but the good news is … you don’t. In fact, it often seems that continued contact with an ex (especially if the contact revolves around rehashing what went wrong) just leads to more questions, fewer answers, and an emptier feeling.

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I suspect the answers about what keeps you hanging on lie within you. I imagine the sense of “purgatory” you reference as being less about seeking answers from someone you can’t access and more about the inability to access answers you already possess. It sounds like you have spent a good bit of time trying to resolve this by talking to her, by talking to your friends and family, and thinking things through on your own. I would suggest trying something different—like partnering with a therapist. Friends and family tend to give well-intentioned advice, and while that can be helpful, it isn’t going to help you access the deeper thoughts and feelings that might be preventing you from healing and moving on.

I imagine the sense of “purgatory” you reference as being less about seeking answers from someone you can’t access and more about the inability to access answers you already possess.

A therapist will listen to you and ask questions and make comments that will allow you to dig deeper. Maybe you will learn that you believed your ex-girlfriend was the one you would spend the rest of your life with and those unmet expectations have left you with insecurities and fears; insecurities about your ability to accurately assess your relationships or fears of being hurt like this again. Maybe you will learn that the relationship was actually quite unhealthy in some ways and that is what has made it so difficult to heal and move on. Maybe it is something else entirely that is holding you back. A therapist can help you unpack and examine with compassionate curiosity whatever it might be.

With the limited information I have, all I can do is make general speculations, but working with a therapist will give you the opportunity to understand why the end of this relationship has been so painful for you. Identifying whatever that is and healing from it may offer the closure you seek and maybe even lead you to a new, healthier, more rewarding relationship.

Best wishes,

Sarah

I can only imagine the range of emotions you are experiencing after a blindside like this. Based on the information you provided, the way your husband handled the situation absolutely seems unfair to you. Walking out with no prior conversation can indicate either a lack of care and respect for your feelings and your relationship or deeper issues of his own. He may be going through something that compelled him to make a major life change with no clear plan of where he was going next. Either way, trust that when he says he is done, he is done.

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He resisted attempts to go to counseling in the past and has let you know that he has no desire to do so now. Take him at his word. It takes two to fight for a marriage—and if he is not willing to even engage, fighting for your marriage will be an exercise in frustration for you and potentially damage what remains of your relationship. Not fighting doesn’t mean you don’t care about your marriage. By not fighting, however, you may be able to begin your grieving process, and subsequent healing process, sooner.

It is natural to go through many stages of grieving at the end of a relationship. Denial, bargaining, anger, and sadness are to be expected. Given your particular circumstances, confusion and the desire for reasonable explanations would be natural as well.

It is natural to go through many stages of grief at the end of a relationship. Denial, bargaining, anger, and sadness are to be expected. Given your particular circumstances, confusion and the desire for reasonable explanations would be natural as well. Unfortunately, it is possible that your husband will not, perhaps even cannot, give you the answers you need to make sense of this bewildering situation.

His departure and refusal to explain or consider working on things has not only hurt you deeply, but also likely left you feeling powerless. One important part of healing will be reclaiming your power. I recommend that you connect with a local counselor who can provide support and perspective as you grapple with the emotions that naturally will arise for you.

Through counseling, you can determine how you want to grieve and move forward. You can get support to handle the anger and confusion you are feeling. You can choose how to handle future conversations and interactions with your husband. You can choose whether staying connected to him is in your best interests or not. You can choose whether or not to remain friends.

Thank you for reaching out. I hope, with support, you find resolution for the understandable pain you feel that allows you to move forward with a clear mind and heart.

Best of luck,
Erika

You know what they say: “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” I guess in this case, your part is the friend part and she’s the “in need” part. You say she calls on you when she needs help, but she’s never around when you could use a hand. It is wonderful to be able to help people, and some folks seem to be natural-born caregivers, but if you’re feeling taken advantage of, perhaps you should say so, directly, to your friend. Initiate a conversation about the meaning of friendship and helping hands, and see what she has to say. Then you could reply, if you like, and share your feelings. This could be a way to resolve an issue that has been festering for you. It might lead to a deepening of the relationship and real understanding of each other.

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On the other hand, if a dialogue doesn’t develop and you don’t believe your feelings are heard and respected, say that, too. Tell her, if you think it’s appropriate, that unless your relationship becomes more balanced, you are thinking about terminating it. It seems apparent to me that you are not getting what you need from the friendship.

Friendship implies balance between two people; it may seesaw sometimes if one person is in a stickier patch than the other, but both partners have to know that they can—must, even—both give and receive.

You write that just thinking about ending the relationship, one-sided though it seems to be, makes you feel guilty and selfish. That’s an important piece of information. What does that mean about how you think about yourself? Must you always be the caretaker? Do you always have to be ready to help your friend out? Do you feel guilty when you discover that you, too, have needs that should be recognized and met? Why would that be? Do your needs feel less important? Do you feel less important or deserving of consideration and understanding? A good relationship means being able to both give and take, a relationship between equal partners.

Friendship implies balance between two people; it may seesaw sometimes if one person is in a stickier patch than the other, but both partners have to know that they can—must, even—both give and receive. Things can’t always go one way. It’s really important for people to know when they’ve had enough and to take care of themselves. After all, if you can’t take care of yourself, you can’t take care of anybody else, either. Before takeoff, the flight attendant advises you, should an emergency arise, to always put your own oxygen mask on first before helping others in need. There’s a reason for that.

Thank you for writing about this important question. Many good-hearted people find themselves with problems like yours, and I hope you arrive at the positive resolution you deserve.

Take care,
Lynn

Your very sad story is touching. You’re worried that you’ve wasted four years of your life and clearly miss the man who was your partner, and you long for the good times you spent together. Nevertheless, your memories of the good are almost buried in your regret. I’m glad you’re seeing a therapist to help yourself grow and develop and learn how to hold onto the good, so you can learn to care for yourself and how to take care of yourself, too, and become a better partner. It’s apparent to me that you have accepted responsibility for your role in the way things ended, and that shows growth.

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Part of human development is learning to accept yourself and your actions, your history, and use it as a springboard to move forward in your life. As your therapist says, forgiving yourself is essential. Once you do that, it’s time to shut the door on it. You cannot return to your past.

Clinging to the past and especially to regrets about your behavior may feel unconsciously like a way to cling to the person who was once your partner, but in fact it’s only a memory you’re attached to.

You seem preoccupied with thoughts about how your partner thinks of you now. You’re worried that the bad times will outweigh the good ones, and the good will be forgotten. This may or not be so for him—we don’t really know that—but what we can be sure about is what your feelings are. You can remember the good and the bad that you both experienced, forgive yourself, forgive your partner, and move on. The best testament to the good times you enjoyed in your relationship is the ability to hold onto the good and go forward with your life. The past has a vote, not a veto. It can vote to show you better paths in the future, but it cannot have veto power over the rest of your life.

After some time of healing and mourning, I hope you will be ready to move on and use all you have learned to forge a new relationship filled with compassion and love for yourself and the person who becomes your next partner, if and when you choose to pursue another relationship.

Clinging to the past and especially to regrets about your behavior may feel unconsciously like a way to cling to the person who was once your partner, but in fact it’s only a memory you’re attached to. The person has gone away, and you deserve something real, solid, and present.

I wish you patience and success as you continue your journey with your therapist.

Take care,
Lynn