We are taught from the earliest of ages that good communication is imperative. In both subtle, and direct ways, we are taught to be competitive when we communicate. Simultaneously, we are told to be cooperative.  What an impossible task–to be cooperative and competitive at the same time.

The conundrum we are all faced with has its roots in two complex social environments: those having hierarchy structures, and those which do not. Hierarchical institutions include schools, our family of origin, the family we create, workplaces, churches and government as the most common. Within those institutions we learn the power of the politics and practice of competitive communication. (more…)

Vulnerability is an emotion that affects individuals suffering from eating disorders in a multitude of ways. It is the opposite of being in control and a state of mind not particularly comfortable for people suffering from this mental health issue. Feeling vulnerable is an uncomfortable feeling for many of us, but even more so for individuals suffering from an eating disorder. Not feeling in control often acts as a trigger that begins the destructive cycle of disordered eating. A trigger is any input that a person receives; either from their environmental or an internal thought that creates an uncomfortable feeling.

It is important to note, for these individuals their eating disorder is what allows them to cope with emotions. As a whole, individuals suffering from an eating disorder tend to view things in black and white terms; meaning their behaviors and thoughts are either right or wrong/good or bad. This strict thinking pattern leaves little room for ambiguity. Ambiguity is not only part of being vulnerable, but also part of everyday life, so it is important to learn how to navigate through it. (more…)

It seems that most couples struggle with criticism, though some tolerate it better than others. Nevertheless, criticism of, or from, your partner will happen periodically. This post provides an alternative way to manage criticism that may help sidestep defensiveness. Here are some common options when we want to be critical of our partner:

1. Keep our mouths shut, and say nothing. Besides, we all were told that if we didn’t have anything nice to say, then don’t say anything, right? (This one probably fell in to the category of “do as I say, don’t do as I do.”)
2. Provide unvarnished criticism, regardless of the impact it may have on our partner, and ultimately on the relationship. If it leads to defensiveness, an argument, a fight, so be it, just deal with it.
3. Sugarcoat it, water it down, either because you can’t deal with your reaction to your partner’s reaction to your critical remark, or you want to protect your partner from his/her feelings that surely will arise from being criticized. (“You can’t handle the truth!”) Maybe there is an alternative, an option that satisfies both sides of a chronically thorny equation: On the one hand, how to get your point across without selling yourself out, while on the other hand lowering the odds of running in to defensiveness.

Enter the complaint. Sit alongside that of criticism, let us compare the two, see how they differ, and why it matters. A complaint is about the one complaining, and a criticism is about the other, the listener. Or, the complaint is about me, and a criticism is about you. Take a guess as to which one will usually be easier for the listener to hear: the complaint. Why? A complaint is not about the listener, and therefore tends to lower the risk of listener defensiveness.

Not only that, if I’m talking about me (instead of you) I have a much better chance of being understood. The goal of transforming a criticism into a complaint is to increase the odds of the speaker being heard and understood, while simultaneously reducing the odds of the listener being defensive. Ultimately, the goal of the process is to preserve the closeness and intimacy of the relationship.

Consider the following vignette: On long road trips, the majority of the driving is done by the same partner. One of the difficulties for the passenger is that the driver tends to speed—we’re talking about 90 mph to 95 mph versus the limit of 75 mph. They have never had an accident, nor a speeding ticket, but they are constantly bickering about the speed and the danger. The driver doesn’t understand what the “big deal” is, and the passenger doesn’t think the driver cares about the passenger.

The passenger criticizes: “You are the worst driver ever! For you, it’s all about the speed and the thrill! You have no respect for the fact that you might get us both killed!  And one of these days you will get a ticket—it’s only a matter of time! You have no respect for what it’s like being a passenger when you’re the driver! Nobody likes the way you drive!”

In this case, there is a lot of accusation, attack and judgment, while focusing on the driver/listener.

The passenger complains: “When you drive 95 mph, I feel so scared! I’m am so afraid of speed, that I literally sit in sheer terror when I look at the speedometer, and when I see us pass other cars at what feels like warp speed! And when I tell you how I feel about all of this, it seems to me it doesn’t matter to you. Please understand I am not telling you what to do or not do, I am telling you how I feel and why. After this last trip, I am going to have to re-think whether or not I can drive with you on long trips. I may have to fly and meet you there.

In this instance, the main focus is the passenger, feeling states, and possible decisions about future travel the passenger might make based on experience. There is no attack, judgmental attitude or accusation.

Re-read each one again. The main difference between them is that the critical one is all about the driver, and the complaint is all about the passenger. Bottom line, which way would you rather hear the speaker? No doubt, some of you who are less conflict averse will prefer the direct criticism, or at least might not be derailed by it. Others may want to hone their skill of complaining.

And by the way, complaining is NOT the same as whining! Complaints require that you talk about yourself, not your partner. Complaints are NOT “I” statements. Complaints are descriptive statements about your experience which, indeed, may contain the word “you,” such as, “… when you drive 95 mph I feel scared!” The purpose of the complaint is to detail your experience, make it real for the listener. While generally not responding favorably to demands, listeners do tend to respond more favorably to hearing the speaker’s experiences and behavioral changes the speaker makes in response to their experiences.

Why? Because when I become aware of the impact of my behavior on you, I can then access empathy or compassion for you. That often results in behavior change because ultimately I do not want you to feel bad. On the other hand, while being criticized, which is often experienced as an attack, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to simultaneously feel empathic. Attack triggers the fight or flight response, not the compassion response.

Is it possible to be critical without attacking? Certainly, but it takes couples working out a system they can both agree on, practice, become comfortable with, and trust. In the meantime, try developing the art of the complaint. Remember—it requires you to talk about yourself, take responsibility for yourself, while not attempting to change your partner.

Recent interest in sexual addiction has drawn attention to a variation called sexual anorexia. Also called sexual “acting in,” sexual anorexia is characterized by a severe aversion to sexual contact and the obsessive avoidance of sex. Other signs of sexual anorexia include:

• Shame and loathing after sex
• Rigid, judgmental attitudes about sex
• Excessive fear about sexually transmitted disease
• Body distortion
• Obsessive self-doubt
• Self-destructive behaviors to limit, stop, or avoid sex
• Episodes of sexually acting out or sexual “binges”

Deprivation creates the illusion of control. In food anorexia, the person refuses to eat, controlling exactly what goes in her body; in sexual anorexia the person denies access to sexual penetration and emotional contact.  Convinced that “no one can hurt me if I don’t let them in,” sexual anorexics experience an emotional wasting away as they become increasingly isolated.

Much like bulimics, sexual anorexics may enact a “binge and purge” cycle. Individuals may go through periods of extreme deprivation of sex followed by promiscuous sexual behavior. Sexual addicts, in an attempt to control their compulsive behavior, may even enforce an anorexic phase—born out of self-hatred, or as punishment or atonement for sexual acting out. In Ready to Heal: Women Facing Love, Sex, and Relationship Addiction, Kelly McDaniel writes, “Sexual anorexia is an extreme aversion to closeness, and sexual addiction is an objectification of the other person that makes closeness impossible.”

Other compulsive deprivation behaviors such as hoarding, being a workaholic, debting, and saving may accompany sexual anorexia. Sexual anorexics also may be overweight or obese, as eating can soothe their anxiety and protect them from the advances of others by making them appear sexually undesirable.

People who are this terrified of human contact can have sustained serious wounds of abuse. This could be an obvious trauma, such as sexual abuse by a parent or caretaker, or by the more covert injury of a negligent, disinterested parent.  Infants and children need consistent attention and love from their caregivers, and the absence of these can be just as damaging as abuse. It is particularly devastating when a child, wounded at the hands of a parent, realizes there is no one to turn to for solace. This corruption of trust and safety teaches the child to fear their own need to be connected to others.

People with sexual anorexia and other intimacy issues long for affection, but they have learned through trauma that they are undeserving of love and that others cannot be trusted. Because of how horribly they have been wronged by others, rigid isolation appears to be the only way to feel safe.

Reaching out for help can be very difficult for someone who has been unable to depend on others, but it is essential for recovery. Support groups can help a person to feel less alone and can strengthen his or her capacity for intimate connection with others. Individual therapy can help people with sexual anorexia explore their pain and mistrust of others, and can create a corrective, caring relationship with a stable other.

Further reading:

Carnes, Patrick. (1997). Sexual anorexia: Overcoming sexual self-hatred. Center City, MN: Hazelden.

Katehakis, Alexandra. (2010). Erotic intelligence: Igniting hot, healthy sex while in recovery from sex addiction. Deerfield Beach, FL: HCI.

McDaniel, Kelly. (2008). Ready to heal: Women facing love, sex, and relationship addictions. Carefree, AZ: Gentle Path Press.