
{"id":27800,"date":"2015-04-23T06:00:49","date_gmt":"2015-04-23T13:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/?p=27800"},"modified":"2018-06-06T09:11:18","modified_gmt":"2018-06-06T16:11:18","slug":"are-people-who-believe-in-conspiracy-theories-crazy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/are-people-who-believe-in-conspiracy-theories-crazy-0423157","title":{"rendered":"Is Belief in Conspiracy Theories a Sign of Mental Health Issues?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-27880 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/landing-on-moon-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Landing on moon\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-id=\"27880\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/landing-on-moon-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/landing-on-moon-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/landing-on-moon.jpg 413w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Pop quiz: What do the moon landings, the JFK assassination, and the 9\/11 terrorist attacks have in common?<\/p>\n<p>Give up?<\/p>\n<p>While each event touched the lives of millions of people and left indelible marks on American history, there is a third similarity: these events were all staged \u2026 or so some people who believe in conspiracy theories may argue.<\/p>\n<p>Conspiracy theories posit that people, groups, organizations, or governments deliberately withhold or cover up the truth surrounding events and situations. While conspiracy theories\u00a0typically lack the concrete evidence of more conventional\u00a0explanations, they\u00a0nevertheless exist and are upheld within a percentage of the population.\u00a0Perhaps you&#8217;re not losing\u00a0sleep over an alleged alien spacecraft hidden somewhere near Roswell, New Mexico or deadly diseases supposedly manufactured as a means of population control, but some people are convinced that those in authority are working together to conceal the truth surrounding certain events.<\/p>\n<p>For some, there might be comfort in\u00a0thinking they know something most people don&#8217;t, but that doesn&#8217;t mean the\u00a0fringe is a comfortable place to be. For people who believe in explanations that differ from the mainstream or the historical record, their mental health may be called into question.<\/p>\n<div class=\"content-fatwidget align-right\">\n\t<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/find-therapist.html\" target=\"_blank\">Find a Therapist<\/a><\/h2>\n\t<form action=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/search-redirect.html\" method=\"get\">\n\n\t\t\t<input required name=\"search[zipcode]\" placeholder=\"Enter ZIP or City\" class=\"inline-input\" type=\"text\" \/>\n\n\n\t\t\t<input type=\"submit\" name=\"TOS agreement\" value=\" \" class=\"inline-btn\" title=\"Search\" onclick=\"ga('send', 'event', 'FAT Widget', 'Submit Search', 'Sidebar', {nonInteraction: true});\" \/>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/advanced-search.html\" title=\"Advanced Search\" onclick=\"ga('send', 'event', 'FAT Widget', 'Advanced Search', 'Sidebar', {nonInteraction: true});\" >Advanced Search<\/a>\n\t<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Mistrust Isn\u2019t Always Misplaced<\/h2>\n<p>There is a rich history of conspiracy theories in the United States, partly because its democratic society allows for\u00a0free speech, partly because of its robust and shadowy intelligence community, and partly because, well, conspiracies in America have been uncovered before.<\/p>\n<p>During the Cold War, for example, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) conducted illegal scientific research to see if it could control people\u2019s minds. The CIA used LSD, hypnosis, and biological agents on people, often without their knowledge, to study how it affected their behavior. The program was conducted over two decades, enlisted the help of top researchers at more than 30 universities, and cost American taxpayers more than $20 million.<\/p>\n<p>While to many people that may sound\u00a0like a far-fetched idea cooked up on a\u00a0conspiracy theory website, the program was called Project MK-ULTRA and\u00a0was uncovered by an investigation headed by Senator Frank Church and Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in 1975.<\/p>\n<p>People who are believers in conspiracy theories are correct in their assertion that things are not always as they seem.<\/p>\n<h2>Conspiracies and Public Perception<\/h2>\n<p>Conspiracy theories are often assumed to be the paranoid delusions of a troubled minority. However, a national survey published in April 2013 by Public Policy Polling shows that as many as 21% of Americans believe that an alien spaceship crashed in Roswell, and that the government covered it up.<\/p>\n<p>Some other <a href=\"http:\/\/www.publicpolicypolling.com\/main\/2013\/04\/conspiracy-theory-poll-results-.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">results from the poll<\/a>\u00a0include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>5% of voters believe that Paul McCartney died in 1966<\/li>\n<li>7% of voters believe the moon landing was faked<\/li>\n<li>9% of voters believe the government adds fluoride to the water supply for sinister reasons<\/li>\n<li>15% of voters believe that new diseases are invented by the medical and pharmaceutical industries for profit<\/li>\n<li>20% of voters believe there is a link between childhood vaccines and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/aspergers-autism\">autism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although it can be assumed that some people who believe in conspiracy theories have mental health conditions that factor into their perceptions of reality, many people who can think\u00a0rationally and whose mental health has never been compromised hold tight to conspiracy theories.<\/p>\n<p>Why is that?<\/p>\n<p>Cass Sunstein, a law professor at Harvard, former administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, and author of <em>Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas<\/em>, said in an interview with <em>U.S. News &amp; World Report<\/em>: \u201cUnder conditions of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/fear\">fear<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/anger\">anger<\/a>, as for example following a bad event, people want to find a cause, and they also want to resolve their own uncertainty. So if you\u2019ve seen an assassination, or a terrible economic downturn or a missing plane, there may be an inclination to posit an agent who\u2019s behind it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Many conspiracy theories are created simply to explain things that may seem unexplainable. Some researchers believe they fulfill important social functions or psychological needs. They may give believers higher <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/self-esteem\">self-esteem<\/a> by making them feel superior to others who think differently; they offer people perceived power over events in which they have no influence; and they can help believers make sense of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/ptsd\">trauma<\/a>, tragedy, and catastrophe.<br \/>\n<span class=\"popout-quote-right\" style=\"color: #585544; font-weight: bold; width: 30%; float: right;\">Conspiracy theories tend to stick in society and popular culture because they are much harder to disprove than they are to introduce, especially in cases where the facts are redacted or withheld from the public.<\/span><br \/>\nConspiracy theories tend to stick in society and popular culture because they are much harder to disprove than they are to introduce, especially in cases where the facts are redacted or withheld from the public. Also, it\u2019s easier than ever to find people who share your views; conspiracy theories tend to spread easily on the Internet among like-minded populations that readily accept them. They can perpetuate good, bad, or indifference, depending on who receives them.<\/p>\n<h2>Building the Belief: Is It All a Conspiracy?<\/h2>\n<p>While many people tend to keep an open mind about major world events, someone who is labeled a \u201cconspiracy theorist\u201d may construct and maintain a worldview that is defined by conspiracies. He or she may display what psychologists refer to as a \u201cmonological belief system\u201d wherein unexplained events\u00a0are perceived as being part of a master plan. Alternative explanations are typically rejected outright. For some, conspiracies are seen everywhere, in anything and everything. In fact, one of the greatest predictors of whether someone will believe a conspiracy theory is if he or she already believes other conspiracy theories.<\/p>\n<p>A study by Wood et al. (2011) illustrates that some who believe in conspiracy theories\u00a0can even reconcile contradicting theories if there is coherence with a strongly held worldview. For example, the study showed that the more people believed Osama bin Laden was already dead when he was found by U.S. troops, the more they believed he is still alive. While the theories clearly contradict each other, both are consistent with the basic worldview that officialdom is fundamentally deceptive.<\/p>\n<p>Studies have found that conspiracy theories are difficult to shed. If evidence to the contrary is presented, people who believe in conspiracy theories typically reason that the evidence was planted or invented to placate skeptics.<\/p>\n<p>Skepticism is often warranted\u2014in fact, it\u2019s the foundation of the media\u2019s role as a government watchdog. But when distrust of that media runs rampant, skepticism is compounded. When the facts are in doubt, people may be inclined to develop\u00a0beliefs that\u00a0fit self-serving\u00a0narratives.<\/p>\n<p>Calling someone a conspiracy theorist can serve as a social mechanism to discredit or exclude that person\u2019s viewpoint. It is sometimes easier to call a person a conspiracy theorist than it is to address his or her questions and concerns, which may further <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/isolation\">isolate<\/a> someone who believes in a conspiracy theory.<\/p>\n<h2>The Bottom Line<\/h2>\n<p>Although people who believe in conspiracy theories may be dismissed or derided by some people as \u201ccrazy,\u201d the prevalence of conspiracy theories in American culture and the rest of the world suggests that most people who believe in conspiracy theories are not experiencing some kind of psychopathology. For its part, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/psychpedia\/dsm\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/a> draws no direct link between belief in conspiracy theories and mental health issues. However, some people who believe intensely or even casually in conspiracy theories may also\u00a0be experiencing\u00a0mental health issues such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/paranoia\">paranoia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/schizophrenia\">schizophrenia<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/narcissism\">narcissism<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/psychpedia\/delusion\">delusions<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/anxiety\">anxiety<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/learn-about-therapy\/issues\/trust-issues\">trust issues<\/a> that affect their everyday lives. Some of these issues have been found to be more prevalent among people who believe in conspiracy theories.<\/p>\n<p>Most people who believe in conspiracy theories are harmless participants in a widespread social phenomenon, but how they act (or don\u2019t act) on their beliefs can have far-reaching social consequences. For example, research shows that some populations who believe in conspiracy theories are less likely to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16895286\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">use condoms<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19952767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">seek HIV treatment<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bjop.12018\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">take action against climate change<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0089177\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">vaccinate their children<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>If mental health conditions are present that make it difficult to distinguish reality from fears and unsettling thoughts, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/individual-therapy.html\">therapy<\/a>\u2014perhaps in combination with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/psychotropic-medication.html\">medication<\/a>\u2014may help. If you or someone you know is experiencing troublesome thoughts beyond what you believe to be healthy, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/find-therapist.html\">seeking the help of a mental health professional<\/a>\u00a0can be a great place to start. Therapy can help a person identify factors that may have contributed to his or her worldview, for better or for worse, as well as what type of treatment and support may be best for addressing any related\u00a0conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Labeling any person as &#8220;crazy&#8221;\u2014regardless of his or her\u00a0thoughts or beliefs\u2014can result in negative effects. For example, calling someone crazy may\u00a0cause emotional or psychological pain, contribute to the\u00a0marginalization or dehumanization of certain individuals or groups, or\u00a0exacerbate stigma surrounding mental health conditions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., and Wood, M. J. (2011). Dead and alive: Beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories. <em>Social Psychology and Personality Science, 3<\/em>(6), 767-773.<\/li>\n<li>Morella, M. (2014, April 21). The Normal Life of Crazy Conspiracy Theories. <em>S. News &amp; World Report. <\/em>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.usnews.com\/opinion\/articles\/2014\/04\/21\/cass-sunstein-explains-why-people-believe-conspiracy-theories<\/li>\n<li><em>Project MKULTRA, The CIA\u2019s Program of Research in Behavioral Modification. <\/em>95<sup>th<\/sup> 1 (1977).<\/li>\n<li>Rawlings, N. (2010, August). Top 10 Weird Government Secrets. Retrieved from http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/specials\/packages\/article\/0,28804,2008962_2008964_2008992,00.html.<\/li>\n<li>Swami, V., &amp; Coles, R. (2010). The truth is out there. <em>The Psychologist,<\/em> <em>23<\/em>(7), 560-563.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Conspiracy theories are common, as is mistrust of authority. At what point does a healthy dose of skepticism cross over into the realm of mental health issues?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2791,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[542],"tags":[31,440,25,388],"class_list":["post-27800","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-featured-articles","tag-psychotherapy-practice","tag-paranoia","tag-psychotherapy-issues","tag-trust-issues"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27800","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2791"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27800"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27800\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27800"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27800"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.goodtherapy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27800"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}